LSB (m) = A (c)
where
m is a plaintext
c is a ciphertext
A is the algorithm.
It is an example of the Stanford on-line course, Cryptography I, that describes the stream cipher is not semantically secure.
I explain it in my way as the below picture.
In World 0, the challenger picks m0 and returns c = E (k, m0).
In World 1, the challenger picks m1 and returns c = E (k, m1).
The adversary accepts the c and determines if the c comes from m0 or m1. The adversary defines an algorithm B,
If LSB (mb) == 1, then output "1"
For World 0, the probability of the algorithm that outputs "1" is 0.
Pr [EXP(0) = "1"] = 0
For World 1, the probability of the algorithm that outputs "1" is 1.
Pr [EXP(1) = "1"] = 1
ADV [B, E] = |0 - 1| = 1
It means that the adversary can fully distinguish the c comes from m0 or m1.
The adversary can also use another algorithm B2 to distinguish the c.
If LSB (mb) == 0, then output "0"
Pr [EXP (0) = "1"] = 1
Pr [EXP (1) = "0"] = 0
ADV [B2, E] = |1 - 0| = 1
-Count